First Principles of Theosophy by C. Jinarajadasa


   


CHAPTER XI


THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE


Of all the perennially inspiring facts in life which Theosophy reveals, none is so overwhelming as the fact that Matter, Life and Consciousness are three aspects of one indivisible Unity. It is impossible to conceive of any matter which is not living, nor of any life which has not consciousness. And when a man realizes that all forms of consciousness, from that of an electron to that of a Dhyan Chohan, are embodiments of the one Logos; that, "cabined, cribbed, and confined" though He be there, yet He is within the electron; then he begins to live in a universe of perpetual light, and to him nature at work in realms visible and invisible is one blaze of glory of the Ineffable. To know this, even merely intellectually, is to gain a new insight into everything in heaven and earth. But to feel it, to live it, is to discover an exhilaration and an enthusiasm of which he had not thought himself capable.


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It was
shown, in the chapter on "The Evolution of the Matter and Force", that the Consciousness of the Logos pervades all the processes in the building of the chemical elements. The same is true when we watch all the processes which we consider characteristic of life, as distinct from those of matter. At each stage of life, from the lowest to the highest, from a bacterium to an archangel, He works, with His agents as His helpers, with His plan before Him. Nothing comes to birth by chance; nothing dies by chance; life and death are the warp and woof of His loom. Each organism contains — when the seed, when the tree, in life, as too, in death — one chapter of the Divine Wisdom for him who will study its. processes.

What are the principles which guide the evolution of life? There are many, and one of them is that life grows in response to a stimulus from without. Stimuli from the world without are needed so as to rouse the slumbering life, whether of mineral, plant, animal or man. Heat, strain, pressure and other external impacts, which impinge on the slumbering life in a mineral, awaken that mineral to its higher possibilities of organization. The fiery glow of a nebula has no meaning to us men, and we ...


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do not grow, but die, in that whirling mass of heat and pressure and movement. But to the chemical element, all that incandescence is as the breath of its life. Our earth, when it was one seething mass of lava, was impossible for us men as a habitation; but it was as a fairy garden to the mineral, who rejoiced in receiving those fiery impacts and pressures which would have annihilated plant and animal organisms. An inner impulse in the life and a stimulus from the outer environment are both necessary for the life's growth; without the impact, the life is dormant; with stimulus alone, but without the inner impulse, the form is dead.

A second principle to note is that life grows by building and unbuilding. A myriad deaths or unbuildings matter little to the life, so long as one opportunity can be seized to build a more fitting form. Life lavishly builds and unbuilds, ever seeking to build for itself that garment which is placed before it as its ideal. In all this process, there seems to be a terrible waste of forms; yet in reality there is no waste at all. The matter of the forms, after they are broken up, still remains the same matter. As for the life, it withdraws from the dying organisms, to reappear undiminished in the forms of succeeding generations. Since life is ...


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indestructible, it works at its self-evolution by experiment after experiment in the building of forms. (See
Fig. 57.)

Perhaps the most vital principle to grasp is that, as life evolves, more and more consciousness is released. A successful evolutionary form means one through which the consciousness locked up within the life can manifest more fully. Simply to live means little for the life; but, while living, to think, to feel, to intuit, to aspire, however vaguely, however feebly, is what all nature is striving for. There is not an electron that is not vaguely aspiring to be a fuller representative of the Divine Force of which it is a channel; each plant and each animal, from the dim recesses of its thought and feeling, is dumbly hoping and trying to be a larger mirror of the Divine Life which it contains. Life is ever striving to be more and more self-conscious, and, above all, to be conscious of the Great Plan, and of its own joyous participation in that Plan.
These principles of the evolving life are seen in operation in that struggle for existence which characterizes the evolution of our vegetable and animal forms. Seen through the cold passionless eyes of a scientific materialism, nature is "red in tooth and claw with ravin"; what else ...


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may one think as one examines nature with the magnifying lens of a botanist?
The gaily-colored lid of the Sarracenia pitcher is bedewed in spring and early summer with drops of nectar, which lie on its inward surface, at least for the most part; not on both, as in the pennon of the Darlingtonia. A closer examination of its surface shows that these drops are at once helped to form, and if sufficiently large to trickle downwards, by a coating of fine but short and stiff hairs which arise from the epidermic surface. Here, in fact, is in every way an admirably-constructed "attractive surface", and it is obvious as well as natural that the insects which sip the honey should travel down into the interior of the pitcher to seek for more. Beyond the lid surface, with its hairs and nectar-glands, they come upon the smooth and glassy "conducting surface", and well-paved path leading indeed towards destruction. In S. purpurea there are indeed a few fresh nectaries to be reached by this descent, a new secreting surface below the conducting one — in S. flaua and other species not even this — but in all cases we soon reach the "detentive surface" of the whole lower part of the pitcher. This is covered with long, stout, bristly hairs, averaging say 1/4 inch long, all sloping downwards into the cavity of the pitcher, and so presenting no obstacle towards descent, but much resistance towards return, as the finger can easily verify, or as the dead inmates of the tubular prison still more conclusively show. That so comparatively powerful an insect as a wasp or bluebottle can be thus detained may be at first sight perplexing; but we see that there is no scope to use the wings for escape, while legs and wings alike become entangled and held back by the stiffly-pointed hairs, which the struggling insect can at most only thrust along, and thus not break. Another captive soon comes on top; ventilations becomes checked, and the foul air rising from dead predecessors must still further check respiration; ...


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little wonder then that life must fail.. Even in our greenhouses the leaf thus becomes filled, not only 1 or 2, but often 5 or 6 inches deep with dead insects; while observers on the spot, notably Dr. Melichamp, to whom our knowledge is mainly due, have shown that there is normally a considerable amount of fluid secreted by the pitcher, although this does not seem to appear in European cultivation, and that this fluid has distinctly anaesthetic and fatal properties to insects immersed in it.

It is an old fact that while with us the bluebottle falls an easy and natural prey to this unwanted trap, being doubtless attracted like the wasp by that odor of decomposing carrion to which the bee and butterfly in turn owe their safety, a shrewder American cousin (Sarcophaga sarraceniae) lays few eggs over the pitcher edge, where the maggots hatch and fatten on the abundant food. In April three or four of these larvae are to be found, but in June or July only one survives, the victor who has devoured his brethren. But nemesis is often at hand in the form of a grub-seeking bird, who slits up the pitcher with his beak, and makes short work of all its eatable contents. For this bird in turn the naturalist has next to lie in wait, and so adds a new link to the chain.

The larvae of a moth, (Xanthoptera semicrotea) also inhabit the pitcher, but devour its tissue, not its animal inmates; in fact, they spin a web across its diameter, as if to exclude further entrance of these, and then devour the upper part of the tissue especially, it would seem, the nectar-glands, finally passing through their chrysalis stage within the cavity of the pitcher, and not, as in the case of the Sarcophaga larva, making their exit into the ground.

It is said that spiders also spin their webs over the mouths of the pitchers and wait to reap the profit of their attractiveness-again a point of almost human shrewdness.1




1 Geddes, Chapters in Modem Botany, pp.8-IO.


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The struggle for existence in the vegetable and animal kingdoms is a wonderful part of the Great Plan. Ever at its work of releasing more and more of consciousness, it strives to select those forms which are most responsive both to the inner urge of the life and to the changing environment. It works at selection first by multiplying forms and then by segregating those most suited to survive in the struggle for existence. Hosts of Devas or Angels, higher and lower, are guardians of the multitudinous types of evolving life; they carry on a fierce warfare, for each Deva arranges for his charges to fatten on those of another Deva, to slay and to be slain; each concentrates on his own type of life and form, as if it alone were intended to thrive according to the Great Plan. But since the death of the form is not a waste of the life, and since, too, each seeming loss brings with its experience both of wisdom and force to the life, to help it towards its ultimate success, the ghastly warfare in nature is a mimic warfare after all, for all the unseen Builders are one in their dedication to the needs of the Plan.

The conception that the life-energies in nature do not work blindly nor at haphazard, but are guided by Builders, is not only novel to ...


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most, but startling to many. Yet the idea is as old as the hills. Mankind has ever believed in the greater invisible workers, the Angels or Devas, that they ruled planets and stars, and that patron saints guide the destinies of nations. The belief is still vital in Hinduism and Buddhism; Zoroastrianism and Muhammadanism have it as an integral. part of their teaching. It exists in Christianity, but is professed sincerely only by a few today. The belief in the lesser invisible workers is equally widespread; fairies of earth and water, of air and fire, are well known in Oriental traditions; faith in their existence began to disappear in Europe only after the birth of modern science. But that such a faith is not irrational is well illustrated in the following description of a process in embryology by T. H. Huxley, whose trained scientific imagination led him beyond the bounds of his temperamental agnosticism:
The student of nature wonders the more and is astonished the less, the more conversant he becomes with her operations; but of all the perennial miracles she offers to his inspectiop, perhaps the most worthy of admiration is the development of a plant or of an animal from its embryo. Examine the recently laid eggs of some common animal, such as a salamander or a newt. It is a minute spheroid in which the best microscope will reveal nothing but a structureless sac, enclosing a glairy fluid holding granules in suspension. But ...


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strange possibilities lie dormant in that semi-fluid globe. Let a moderate amount of warmth reach its watery cradle, and the plastic matter undergoes changes so rapid and yet so steady and purpose-like in their succession that one can only compare them to those operated by a skilled modeller upon a formless lump of clay. As with an invisible trowel, the mass is divided and subdivided into smaller and smaller proportions, until it is reduced to an aggregation of granules not too large to build withal the finest fabrics of the nascent organism. And then, it is as if a delicate finger traced out the line to be occupied by the spinal column, and moulded the contour of the body, pinching up the head at one end, the tail at the other, and fashioning flank and limb into due salamandrine proportions in so artistic a way that, after watching the process hour by hour, one is almost involuntarily possessed by the notion that some more subtle aid to vision than an achromatic microscope would show the hidden artist, with his plan before him, striving with skilful manipulation to perfect his work.1
This is exactly what happens. Myriads of Builders, great and small, are ever at work, building cells, guiding organs to form, moulding and coloring the flowers, selecting from the Mendelian "genes" those which are most suited to bring about the particular form, the model of which is placed before them by the Deva in charge. Nature is truly a factory, but so vast and stupendous that the imagination of man can but stand dazed at the sight of her many creations.



1 Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reveries, Chapter, "The Origin of Species".


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Stage by stage life evolves, and in these days we need but take a textbook of Botany or Zoology to see what is God's Plan for the vegetable and animal kingdoms. But while we study that Plan, we must never forget that the Plan is He, and that it is His self-revelation which we are watching as the pageant of nature passes before our eyes. The crude ideas of Animism professed by primitive savages are in some ways nearer the truth than the expositions of modern sceptical scientists; the former have discovered the truth as to the Life, while the latter have found the truth as to the Form. Both are blended and given us in symbol in Hinduism in its doctrine of the Avataras (Fig. 93). An ...






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Avatara is literally a "descent", and is specially used to describe the descents or "incarnations" 1 of Vishnu, the Second Person of the Hindu Trinity.

In all the Trinities, the Second Logos is specially identified with the Life-Form activities in manifestation. Thus it is that the Avataras are of Vishnu, and not of Brahma or Shiva, the Third and First Persons of the Hindu Trinity.

According, then, to the Hindu myth, the first stage in the Divine Revelation is marked by the fish, the creature of water. The statement that God was a fish seems revolting, until we grasp its inner significance. How that statement appears to the Hindu imagination is shown in Fig. 94, which represents the popular idea of the Matsya or Fish Avatara. The Avatara came at the time of the "Deluge" to save for the human race the volumes of the Divine Revelation, the four Vedas, which are represented as four children rescued from the flood. The artist has drawn the children white, brown, yellow and black in color, his imagination sensing in the children the races of mankind.






1 In the literal sense of the word. i.e" "entering into flesh", into physical life for the first time. Compare in the Christian Gospel: Et Verbum caro factum est — "And the Word was made flesh."


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The next higher stage is one of transition, as the life in water-creatures slowly ascends to life in creatures of the land. Hence the Avatara is the tortoise, the animal both of land and water. The next stage in evolution is represented by a creature who lives completely on land, the boar. Next comes once again a ...


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transition, that of the Divine Life in animal forms as it slowly begins to manifest in human forms. This is the mythical "man-lion", the lion being taken to represent the highest stage of animal evolution. After the man-lion, the next stage is that of complete humanity, but of a primitive kind; and the Divine Life in the early stage of human activity is represented by the "dwarf", the primitive man. The human life, after ages of growth, becomes strong in body, with giant shapes, violent, selfish, destructive; yet that life is God Himself, and so the Avatara is Parashu Rama — Rama with the axe — whose energies were bent more on destruction than on reconstruction.

Now comes the stage of the Divine Life as full and perfect humanity, and the Avatara is Ramachandra, the ideal king of the Hindus, who reigned in India tens of thousands of years ago, and whose exploits and sacrifices for Duty and Righteousness are treasured in every Indian heart today. Comes thereafter the succeeding stage, when the perfect man is both man and conscious God, and so the Avatara is that of Shri Krishna, who taught with authority, ruling and guiding men because He was God. A further Avatara is promised, though our imaginations can scarce grasp what it is; ...


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the books say that Kalki will come, riding on a white winged horse1, again to establish Righteousness for the sake of men.

So life evolves, at each stage releasing more of the consciousness enshrined in it, and steadily becoming a fuller reflection of Divine Wisdom, "Strength and Beauty. Whoso can dream with a mineral, feel with a flower, rejoice with the birds, sympathize with the cravings and delights of the animals, is a poet, a seer, whose imagination senses what is the Divine Purpose for which they were planned. Not merely to look at a landscape, but to think and feel as each blade of grass, as each shrub and tree opens its heart to the sun's rays, as each of them contributes its tiny note to nature's wondrous harmony, is to transcend man's limitations and to put on the attributes of an Angel, a deva, and lastly of God himself. It was not a beautiful phantasy but a most glorious verity which Coleridge saw, when he sang:
And what if all of animated nature
Be but organic harps diversely framed,
That tremble into thought, as o'er them sweeps,
Plastic and vast, one intellectual breeze,
At once the Soul of each, and God of All?




1 Perhaps the aeroplane.


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